Geographic Determinism, Buddhism and Taoism

In 1998, Jared Diamond published his bestselling book, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. Geography has a big influence on human societies. It certainly has a major effect on religion and a people’s psyche.

The relationship between geography and religious belief is a fascinating area of study, as environmental factors often shape cultural attitudes and philosophical perspectives. In this context, one could argue for a form of geographic determinism in the development of religious traditions, particularly when comparing Buddhism and Taoism in relation to their respective geographical origins in India and China.

Geography and Its Influence on India

1. Environmental Challenges in India: India is characterized by its extreme weather conditions, including intense heat, monsoon rains, and a diverse range of climates that can lead to natural disasters and agricultural difficulties. Additionally, the prevalence of diseases in tropical regions can create a harsh living environment. These factors may contribute to a cultural attitude that perceives nature as something to be transcended or escaped.

2. Suffering and the Escape from Samsara: Buddhism emerged in a context where suffering was a central theme. The Four Noble Truths articulate the reality of suffering (Dukkha) as an inherent…